Updated: Wednesday July 02, 2014/AlArbia’a
Ramadan 05, 1435/Budhavara
Asadha 11, 1936, at 09:20:24 AM
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{Adopted by referendum on: 12 Dec 1993}
{ICL Document Status: 12 Dec 1993}
{Long Title: Constitution of the
{Editor’s Note:
Minor textual changes to Article 65
have been added by order of the President of 9 Jan 1996. The modified
translation has been provided by Oleg Khokhlov
(khokhlov2000@hotmail.com) in Feb 2001. }
We, the multinational people of the Russian
Federation, united by a common destiny on our land, asserting human rights and
liberties, civil peace and accord,
preserving the historic unity of the state, proceeding from the commonly
recognized principles of equality and self-determination of the peoples, honoring
the memory of our ancestors, who have passed on to us love of and respect for
our homeland and faith in good and justice, reviving the sovereign statehood of
Russia and asserting its immutable democratic foundations, striving to secure
the well-being and prosperity of Russia and proceeding from a sense of
responsibility for our homeland before the present and future generations, and being
aware of ourselves as part of the world community, hereby approve the
Constitution of the Russian Federation.
Chapter
1 Fundamentals of the Constitutional System
Article 1 [
The
Article 2 [Protection of Human Rights]
Humans, their rights and freedoms are the supreme value. It is a duty of the
state to recognize, respect and protect the rights and liberties of humans and
citizens.
Article 3 [The Multinational People]
(1) The multinational people of the
(2) The people of the
(3) The referendum and free elections
are the supreme direct manifestation of the power of the people.
(4) No one may arrogate to oneself power in the
(1) The sovereignty of the
(2) The Constitution of the
(3) The
(1) The
(2) The republic (state) has its own constitution
and legislation. A territory, region, federal city, autonomous region and
autonomous area has its own charter and legislation
(3) The federated structure of the Russian Federation
are based on its state integrity, the uniform system of state power,
delimitation of scopes of authority and powers between the bodies of state
power of the Russian Federation and the bodies of state power of the subjects
of the Russian Federation, equality and self-determination of the peoples in
the Russian Federation.
(4) All the subjects of the
(1) Citizenship of the Russian Federation are acquired
and terminated in accordance with the Federal law, and are one and equal
irrespective of the grounds on which it has been acquired.
(2) Every citizen of the
(3) A citizen of the
(1) The
(2) The Russian Federation protects the work and
health of its people, establish a guaranteed minimum wage, provide state
support for family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood, and also for the
disabled and for elderly citizens, develop a system of social services and
establish government pensions, benefits and other social security guarantees.
Article 8 [Economic Guarantees]
(1) Unity of economic space, free movement of goods,
services and financial resources, support for competition and freedom of any
economic activity is guaranteed in the
(2) Private, state, municipal and other forms of
ownership are recognized and enjoy equal protection in the
(1) The land and other natural resources are used and
protected in the
(2) The land and other natural resources may be in
private, state municipal and other forms of ownership.
Article 10 [Separations of Powers]
State power in the
(1) State power in the
(2) State power in the subjects of the
(3) The scopes of authority and powers of the bodies
of state authority of the
Article 12 [Local Self-Government]
Local self-government is recognized and guaranteed in the
Article 13 [Political Plurality]
(1) Ideological plurality is recognized in the
(2) No ideology may be instituted as a state-sponsored
or mandatory ideology.
(3) Political plurality and the multi-party system are
recognized in the
(4) Public associations are equal before the law.
(5) The establishment and the activities of public
associations, whose aims and actions are directed at forcible alteration of the
fundamentals of constitutional governance and violation of the integrity of the
Russian Federation and undermining of the security of the state, the forming of
armed units, the incitement of social, racial, national and religious strife
are prohibited.
Article 14 [Secularity of the State]
(1) The
(2) Religious associations are separated from the
state, and are equal before the law.
Article 15 [Supreme Law]
(1) The Constitution has supreme legal force and
direct effect, and is applicable throughout the entire territory of the
(2) Organs of state power and local self-government,
officials, citizens and their associations must comply with the laws and the
Constitution.
(3) The laws are officially published. Unpublished
laws are not applicable. No regulatory legal act affecting the rights,
liberties or duties of the human being and citizen may apply unless it has been
published officially for general knowledge.
(4) The commonly recognized principles and norms of
the international law and the international treaties of the
Article 16 [Constitutional System]
(1) The provisions of the present Chapter of the
Constitution are the foundations of the constitutional system of the
(2) No other provisions of this Constitution may
contravene the foundations of the constitutional system of the
Chapter 2 Rights and
Liberties of Man and Citizen
Article 17 [Basic Rights and Liberties]
(1) The basic rights and liberties in conformity with the commonly recognized principles
and norms of the international law are recognized and guaranteed in the
(2) The basic rights and liberties of the human being
are inalienable and belong to everyone from birth.
(3) The exercise of rights and liberties of a human
being and citizen may not violate the rights and liberties of other persons.
The rights and liberties of man and citizen have
direct effect. They determine the meaning, content and application of the laws,
and the activities of the legislative and executive branchesand local
self-government, and are secured by the judiciary.
Article 19 [Equality]
(1) All people are equal before the law and in the court of law.
(2) The state guarantees the equality of rights and
liberties regardless of sex, race, nationality, language, origin, property or
employment status, residence, attitude to religion, convictions, membership of
public associations or any other circumstance. Any restrictions of the rights
of citizens on social, racial, national, linguistic or religious grounds are
forbidden.
(3) Man and woman have equal rights and liberties and
equal opportunities for their pursuit.
Article 20 [Life, Capital Punishment]------------------------
(1) Everyone has the right to life.
(2) Capital punishment may, until its abolition, be instituted by the federal
law as exceptional punishment for especially grave crimes against life, with
the accused having the right to have his case considered in a law court by
jury.
Article 21 [Human Dignity]
(1) The dignity
of the person is protected by the state. No circumstance may be used as a
pretext for belittling it.
(2) No one may be subjected to torture, violence or any other harsh or
humiliating treatment or punishment. No one may be subjected to medical,
scientific or other experiments without his or her free consent.
Article 22 [Personal Freedom]
(1) Everyone has the right to freedom and personal inviolability.
(2) Arrest, detention and keeping in custody are allowed only by an order of a
court of law. No person may be detained for more than 48 hours without an order
of a court of law.
Article 23 [Privacy]
(1) Everyone has the right to privacy, to personal and family secrets, and to
protection of one’s honor and good name.
(2) Everyone has the right to privacy of correspondence, telephone
communications, mail, cables and other communications. Any restriction of this
right is allowed only under an order of a court of law.
Article 24 [Data Protection]
(1) It is forbidden to gather, store, use and disseminate information on the
private life of any person without his/her consent.
(2) The bodies of state authority and the bodies of local self-government and
the officials thereof provide to each citizen access to any documents and
materials directly affecting his/her rights and liberties unless otherwise
stipulated under the law.
Article 25 [Home]
The home is inviolable. No one has the right to enter the home against
the will of persons residing in it except in cases stipulated by the federal
law or under an order of a court of law.
Article 26 [National Identity, Native Language]
(1) Everyone has the right to determine and state his national identity.
No one can be forced to determine and state his national identity.
(2) Everyone has the right to use his native language, freely choose the
language of communication, education, training and creative work.
Article 27 [Residence]
(1) Everyone who is lawfully staying on the territory of theRussian Federation
has the right to freedom of movement and to choose the place to stay and
reside.
(2) Everyone is free to leave the boundaries of the
Article 28 [Belief, Religion]
Everyone is guaranteed the right to freedom of conscience, to freedom of
religious worship, including the right to profess, individually or jointly with
others, any religion, or to profess no religion, to freely choose, possess and
disseminate religious or other beliefs, and to act in conformity with them.
Article 29 [Expression]
(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of thought and speech.
(2) Propaganda or campaigning inciting social, racial, national or religious
hatred and strife is impermissible. The propaganda of social, racial, national,
religious or language superiority is forbidden.
(3) No one may be coerced into expressing one’s views and convictions or into
renouncing them.
(4) Everyone has the right to seek, get, transfer, produce and disseminate information
by any lawful means. The list of information constituting the state secret is
established by the federal law. 5. The freedom of the mass media is
guaranteed. Censorship is prohibited.
Article 30 [Association]
(1) Everyone has the right to association, including the right to create trade
unions in order to protect one’s interests. The freedom of public associations
activities is guaranteed.
(2) No one may be coerced into joining any association or into membership
thereof.
Article 31 [Assembly, Demonstration]
Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to gather peacefully, without
weapons, and to hold meetings, rallies, demonstrations, marches and pickets.
Article 32 [Participation]
(1) Citizens of the
(2) Citizens of the
(3) Citizens who have been found by a court of law to be under special
disability, and also citizens placed in detention under a court verdict, do not
have the right to elect or to be elected.
(4) Citizens of the
(5) Citizens of the
Article 33 [Petitions]
Citizens of the
Article 34 [Property Rights]
(1) Everyone has the right to freely use his or her abilities and property for entrepreneurial or any other economic activity
not prohibited by the law.
(2) No economic activity aimed at monopolization or unfair competition are
allowed.
Article 35 [Private Property]
(1) The right of private property is protected by law.
(2) Everyone has the right to have property in his or her ownership, to
possess, use and manage it either individually orjointly with other persons.
(3) No one may be arbitrarily deprived of his or her property unless on the
basis of decision by a court of law. Property can be forcibly alienated for
state needs only on condition of a preliminary and equal compensation.
(4) The right of inheritance is guaranteed.
Article 36 [Land Ownership]
(1) Citizens and their associations have the right to have land in their
private ownership.
(2) The possession, use and management of the land and other natural resources
are freely exercised by their owners provided this does not cause damage to the
environment or infringe upon the rights and interests of other persons.
(3) The terms and procedures for the use of land are determined on the basis of
federal laws.
Article 37 [Work]
(1) Work is free. Everyone has the right to make free use of his or her
abilities for work and to choose a type of activity and occupation.
(2) Forced labor is prohibited.
(3) Everyone has the right to work under conditions meeting the requirements of
safety and hygiene, to remuneration for work without any discrimination
whatsoever and not below the statutory minimum wage, and also the right to
security against unemployment.
(4) The right to individual and collective labor disputes with the use of means
of resolution thereof established by federal law, including the right to
strike, is recognized.
(5) Everyone has the right to rest and leisure. A person having a work contract
is guaranteed the statutory duration of the work time, days off and holidays,
and paid annual vacation.
Article 38 [Children, Family]
(1) Motherhood and childhood, and the family are under state protection.
(2) Care for children and their upbringing are the equal right and duty of the
parents.
(3) Employable children who have reached 18 years of age must take care of
their non-employable parents.
Article 39 [Social Security]
(1) Everyone is guaranteed social security in old age, in case of disease,
invalidity, loss of breadwinner,to bring up children and in other cases
established by law.
(2) State pensions and social benefits are established by laws.
(3) Voluntary social insurance, development of additional forms of social
security and charity are encouraged.
Article 40 [Housing]
(1) Everyone has the right to a home. No one may be arbitrarily deprived of a
home.
(2) State bodies and organs of local self-government encourage home
construction and create conditions for the realization of the right to a home.
(3) Low-income citizens and other citizens, defined by the law, who are in need
of housing are housed free of charge or for affordable pay from government,
municipal and other housing funds in conformity with the norms stipulated by
the law.
Article 41 [Health Care]
(1) Everyone has the right to health care and medical assistance. Medical
assistance is made available by state and municipal health care institutions to
citizens free of charge, with the money from the relevant budget, insurance
payments another revenues.
(2) The
(3) Concealment by officials of facts and circumstances posing hazards to human
life and health result in their liability in conformance with federal law.
Article 42 [Environment]
Everyone has the right to a favorable environment, reliable information about
its condition and to compensation for the damage caused to his or her health or
property by ecological violations.
Article 43 [Education]
(1) Everyone has the right to education.
(2) The accessibility and gratuity of pre-school, general secondary and
vocational secondary education in public and municipal educational institutions
and enterprises are guaranteed.
(3) Everyone has the right to receive, free of charge and on a competitive
basis, higher education in a state or municipal educational institution or
enterprise.
(4) Basic general education is mandatory. Parents or persons substituting for them
must provide for their children to receive basic general education.
(5) The
Article 44 [Arts, Sciences, Culture]
(1) Everyone is guaranteed freedom of literary, artistic, scientific,
intellectual and other types of creative activity and tuition. Intellectual
property is protected by the law.
(2) Everyone has the right to participation in cultural life, to the use of
institutions of culture, and access to cultural values.
(3) Everyone has the responsibility to care for the preservation of the
historic and cultural heritage and safeguard landmarks of history and culture.
Article 45 [State Protection]
(1) State protection for human rights and liberties in the
(2) Everyone has the right to defend his or her rights and liberties by any
means not prohibited by the law.
Article 46 [Legal Protection]
(1) Everyone is guaranteed protection of his or her rights and liberties in a
court of law.
(2) The decisions and actions (or inaction) of state organs, organs of
local self-government, public associations and officials may be appealed
against in a court of law.
(3) In conformity with the international treaties of the
Article 47 [Access to the Courts]
(1) No one may be denied the right to having his or her case reviewed by the
court and the judge under whose jurisdiction the given case falls under the
law.
(2) Anyone charged with a crime has the right to have his or her case reviewed
by a court of law with the participation of jurors in cases stipulated by the
federal law.
Article 48 [Counsel]
(1) Everyone is guaranteed the right to qualified legal counsel. Legal counsel
is provided free of charge in cases stipulated by the law.
(2) Every person who has been detained, taken into custody orcharged with a
crime has the right to legal counsel (defense attorney) from the moment
of, respectively, detention or indictment.
Article 49 [Innocence]
(1) Everyone charged with a crime is considered not guilty until his or her
guilt has been proven in conformity with the procedures stipulated by the
federal law and established by the verdict of a court of law.
(2) The defendant ist not obliged to prove his or her innocence.
(3) The benefit of doubt is interpreted in favor of the defendant.
Article 50 [Ne Bis In Idem]
(1) No one may be repeatedly convicted for the same offense.
(2) In the administration of justice no evidence obtained in violation of the
federal law is allowed.
(3) Everyone sentenced for a crime has the right to have the sentence reviewed
by a higher court according to the procedure instituted by the federal law, and
also the right to plea for clemency or mitigation punishment.
Article 51 [Right to Remain Silent]
(1) No one is obliged to give evidence against himself or herself, for his or
her spouse and close relatives, the range of which are established by the
federal law.
(2) The federal law may stipulate other exemptions from the obligation to give
evidence.
Article 52 [Victims]
The rights of persons who have sustained harm from crimes and abuses of power
is protected by the law. The state guarantees the victims access to justice and
compensation for damage.
Article 53 [Compensation]
Everyone has the right to compensation by the state for the damage caused by
unlawful actions (or inaction) of state organs, or their officials.
Article 54 [Retroactive Laws]
(1) The law instituting or aggravating the liability of a person has no
retroactive force.
(2) No one may be held liable for an action which was not recognized as an
offense at the time of its commitment. If liability for an offense has been
lifted or mitigated after its perpetration, the new law applies.
Article 55 [Limits on Restrictions]
(1) The listing of the basic rights and liberties in the Constitution may not
be interpreted as the denial or belittlement of the other commonly recognized
human and citizens’ rights and liberties.
(2) No laws denying or belittling human and civil rights and liberties may be
issued in the
(3) Human and civil rights and liberties may be restricted by the federal law
only to the extent required for the protection of the fundamentals of the
constitutional system, morality, health, rights and lawful interests of other
persons, for ensuring the defense of the country and the security of the state.
Article 56 [Restrictions]
Individual Restrictions of rights and liberties with identification of the
extent and of their duration may be instituted in conformity with the federal
constitutional law under conditions of the state of emergency in order to
ensure the safety of citizens and protection of the constitutional system.
(2) A state of emergency throughout the territory of the
(3) The rights and liberties stipulated by Articles 20, 21,23 (1), 24, 28, 34 (1),
40 (1),
46-54 of the
Constitution are not subject to restriction.
Article 57 [Duty to Pay Taxes]
Everyone is obliged to pay lawful taxes and fees. Laws introducing new
taxes or worsening the situation of tax payers may not have retroactive force.
Article 58 [Duty to Protect the Environment]
Everyone is obliged to preserve nature and the environment, and care for
natural wealth.
Article 59 [Military Service]
(1) Defense of the homeland is a duty and obligation of the citizen of the
(2) The citizen of the
(3) The citizen of the Russian Federation whose convictions and faith are at
odds with military service, and also in other cases stipulated by the federal
law has the right to the substitution of an alternative civil service for
military service.
Article 60 [Legal Age]
The citizen of the Russian Federation is recognized to be of legal age and may
independently exercise his rights and duties in full upon reaching the age of
18.
Article 61 [Extradition]
(1) The citizen of the
(2) The
Article 62 [Dual Citizenship]
(1) The citizen of the
(2) Possession of the citizenship of a foreign state by the citizen of the
(3) Foreign citizens and stateless persons enjoy in the
Article 63 [Asylum]
(1) The Russian Federation grants political asylum to foreign citizens and
stateless citizens in conformity with the commonly recognized norms of the
international law.
(2) The extradition of persons persecuted for their political views or any
actions (or inaction), which are not qualified as criminal by the law of
the
Article 64 [Change by Amendment]
The provisions of these articles form the basis of personal rights in the
Russian Federation and may not be changed other than by the means set forth in
this constitution.
Chapter 3
Article 65 [Republics]
(1) The Russian Federation consists of the subjects of the Federation: Republic
of Adygeya (Adygeya), Republic of Altai,Republic of Bashkortostan,
Republic of Buryatia, Republic of Dagestan, Republic of Ingushetia,
Kabardin-Balkar Republic, Republic of Kalmykia -- KhalmgTangch,
Karachayevo-Cherkess Republic, Republic of Karelia, Republic of Komi, Republic
of Mari El, Republic of Mordovia, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Republic of
North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan), Republic of Tuva,
Udmurt Republic, Republic of Khakasia, Chechen Republic, Chuvash Republic --
Chavash Republics; Altai Territory, Krasnodar Territory, Krasnoyarsk Territory,
Maritime Territory, Stavropol Territory, Khabarovsk Territory; Amur Region,
Arkhangelsk Region, Astrakhan Region, Belgorod Region, Bryansk Region, Vladimir
Region, Volgograd Region, Vologda Region, Voronezh Region, Ivanovo Region,
Irkutsk Region, Kaliningrad Region, Kaluga Region, Kamchatka Region, Kemerovo
Region, Kirov Region, Kostroma Region, Kurgan Region, Kursk Region, Leningrad
Region, Lipetsk Region, Magadan Region, Moscow Region, Murmansk Region, Nizhny
Novgorod Region, Novgorod Region, Novosibirsk Region, Omsk Region, Orenburg
Region, Oryol Region, Penza Region, Perm Region, Pskov Region, Rostov Region,
Ryazan Region, Samara Region, Saratov Region, Sakhalin Region, Sverdlovsk
Region, Smolensk Region, Tambov Region, Tver Region, Tomsk Region, Tula
Relation, Tyumen Region, Ulyanovsk Region, Chelyabinsk Region, Chita Region,
Yaroslavl Region; Moscow, St. Petersburg -- federal cities; Jewish Autonomous
Region; AginskyBuryat Autonomous Area, Komi-Permyak Autonomous Area, Koryak
Autonomous Area, Nenets Autonomous Area, Taimyr (Dolgan-Nenets) Autonomous
Area, Ust-OrdynskyBuryat Autonomous Area, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area, Chukchi
Autonomous Area, Evenk Autonomous Area, Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Area.
(2) Accession to the
Article 66 [Territories, Regions]
(1) The status of a republic is defined by the Constitution and the
constitution of the republic in question.
(2) The status of a territory, region, federal city, and autonomous region and
autonomous area is determined by Constitution and the Charter of the territory,
region, city of federal importance, autonomous region, autonomous area, adopted
by the legislative (representative) body of the relevant subject of the
(3) A federal law on autonomous region, autonomous area may be adopted at the
nomination from the legislative and executive bodies of an autonomous region,
autonomous area.
(4) Relations between autonomous areas within a territory or region may be
regulated by the federal law and an agreement between bodies of state power of
the autonomous area and, respectively, bodies of state power of the territory
or the region.
(5) The status of a subject of the
Article 67 [Territory]
(1) The territory of the
(2) The Russian Federation has sovereign rights and exercise jurisdiction on
the continental shelf and in the exclusive economic zone of the Russian
Federation under the procedure stipulated by the federal law and norms of
international law.
(3) The boundaries between the subjects of the
Article 68 [State Language]
(1) The state language of the
(2) The republics have the right to institute their own state languages. They
are used alongside the state language of the
(3) The
Article 69 [Indigenous Rights]
The Russian Federation guarantees the rights of small indigenous peoples in
accordance with the generally accepted principles and standards of
international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation.
Article 70 [Flag, Emblem, Anthem]
(1) The national flag, State Emblem, and the national anthem, their description
and the procedure for their official use are established by the federal
constitutional law.
(2) The capital of the
Article 71 [Federal Jurisdiction]
The jurisdiction of the Russian Federation includes:
a) the adoption and amendment of the Constitution and federal laws and
supervision over compliance with them;
b) the federal structure and territory of the Russian Federation;
c) regulation and protection of the rights and liberties of the human being and
citizen; citizenship of the Russian Federation; regulation and protection of
the rights of national minorities;
d) establishment of the system of federal bodies of legislative, executive and
judiciary power, procedure for the organization and activities thereof;
formation of federal bodies of state power;
e) federal and state property and management thereof;
f) determining the basic principles of federal policy and federal programs in
the field of state structure, the economy, the environment, and the social,
cultural and national development of the Russian Federation;
g) establishment of the legal framework for a single market; financial,
monetary, credit and customs regulation, emission of money and guidelines for price
policy; federal economic services, including federal banks;
h) the federal budget; federal taxes and levies; federal funds of regional
development;
i) federal power grids, nuclear energy, fissionable materials; federal
transport, railways, information and communications; space activities;
j) foreign policy and international relations of the Russian Federation,
international treaties of the Russian questions of war and peace;
k) foreign trade relations of the Russian Federation;
l) defense and security; defense production; determining procedures for the
sale and purchase of arms, ammunition, military hardware and other equipment;
production of fissionable materials, toxic substances, narcotics and procedure
for the use thereof;
m) defining the status and protection of the state border, territorial waters,
the air space, the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf of the
Russian Federation;
n) law courts; Prosecutor’s Office; criminal, criminal-procedural and
criminal-executive legislation; amnesty and pardon; civil, civil-procedural and
arbitration-procedural legislation; legal regulation of intellectual property;
o) federal conflict of laws;
p) meteorological service; standards, models, the metric system and time
measurement; geodesy and cartography; names of geographical objects; official
statistics and accounting;
q) state decorations and honorary titles of the RussianFederation;
r) federal state service.
Article 72 [Joint Jurisdiction]
(1) The joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the subjects of the
Russian Federation includes:
a) ensuring compliance of the constitutions and laws of the republics,
charters, laws, and other regulatory legal acts of the territories, regions,
federal cities, the autonomous region and autonomous areas with the
Constitution and the federal laws;
b) protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, protection of the
rights of ethnic minorities; ensuring legality, law and order, and public
safety; border zone regime;
c) issues of the possession, use and management of the land, mineral resources,
water an d other natural resources;
d) delimitation of state property;
e) management of natural resources, protection of the environment and
ecological safety; specially protected natural reserves; protection of
historical and cultural monuments;
f) general questions of upbringing, education, science, culture, physical
culture and sports;
g) coordination of health issues, protection of family, motherhood, fatherhood
and childhood; social protection including social security;
h) implementing measures to combat catastrophes, natural disasters, epidemics
and eliminating consequences thereof;
i) establishment of the general guidelines for taxation and levies in the
Russian Federation;
j) administrative, administrative-procedural, labor, family, housing, land,
water and forestry legislation; legislation on the sub-surface and
environmental protection;
k) cadres of judiciary and law-enforcement agencies; the bar, notaries;
l) protection of the original environment and traditional way of life of small
ethnic communities;
m) establishment of general guidelines of the organization of the system of
bodies of state power and local self-government;
n) coordination of the international and external economic relations of the
subjects of the Russian Federation, compliance with the international treaties
of the Russian Federation.
(2) The provisions of this Article equally apply to the republics, territories,
regions, federal cities, the autonomous region and autonomous areas.
Article 73 [Regional Jurisdiction]
Outside of the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the powers of the
Russian Federation on issues within the joint jurisdiction of the Russian
Federation and the subjects of the Russian Federation, the subjects of the
Russian Federation exercises the entire spectrum of state power.
Article 74 [Free Trade Zone]
(1) No customs frontiers, duties, levies, or any other barriers for free
movement of goods, services, or financial means may be established on the territory
of the Russian Federation.
(2) Restrictions on the movement of goods and services may be established under
the federal law, if this is necessary for the protection of the people’s
safety, their lives and health, protection of environment and cultural values.
Article 75 [Money]
(1) The monetary unit of the
(2) The protection and stability of the ruble is the main function of the
Central Bank of the
(3) The system of taxes levied to the federal budget and the general principles
of taxation and levies in the RussianFederation is established by the federal
law.
(4) State loans are issued in accordance with the procedure established by the
federal law and placed on a strictly voluntary basis.
Article 76 [Direct Effect of Federal Laws]
(1) On issues within the jurisdiction of the
(2) On matters within the joint jurisdiction of the
(3) Federal laws may not contravene federal constitutional laws.
(4) Outside of the jurisdiction of the
(5) Laws and other regulatory legal acts of the subjects of the
(6) In the event of a contradiction between the federal law and a regulatory
legal act of a subject of the
Article 77 [State Power]
(1) The system of state power bodies of the republics, territories, regions, federal
cities, the autonomous region, autonomous areas are established by the subjects
of the Russian Federation independently in accordance with the basic principles
of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation and general principles
of the organization of legislative and executive bodies of power as envisaged
by the federal law.
(2) Within the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the powers of the
Russian Federation on issues within the joint jurisdiction of the Russian
Federation and the subjects of the Russian Federation the federal bodies of
executive power and bodies of executive power of the subjects of the Russian
Federation forms the single system of executive power in the Russian
Federation.
Article 78 [State Officials]
(1) To exercise their powers, the federal bodies of executive power may set up
their own territorial structures and appoint respective officials.
(2) By agreement with organs of executive power of the subjects of the
(3) By agreement with the federal organs of executive power, organs of
executive power of the subjects of the
(4) The President of the
Article 79 [Inter-State Associations]
The Russian Federation may participate in inter-state associations and delegate
some of its powers to them in accordance with international agreements if this
does not restrict human or civil rights and liberties or contravene the
fundamentals of the constitutional system of the RussianFederation.
Chapter 4 President
of the
Article 80 [Head of State]
(1) The President of the
(2) The President is the guarantor of the Constitution, and of human and civil
rights and freedoms. In accordance with the procedure established by the
Constitution, he takes measures to protect the sovereignty of the
(3) The President of the
(4) The President of the
Article 81 [Term, Election]
(1) The President of the Russian Federation is elected for a term of four years
by the citizens of the Russian Federation on the basis of general, equal and
direct vote by secret ballot.
(2) A citizen of the
(3) No one person may hold the office of President of the
(4) The procedure for electing the President of the
Article 82 [Oath]
(1) At his inauguration, the President of the Russian Federation takes the
following oath to the people:
“I vow, in the performance of my powers as the President of the Russian
Federation to respect and protect the rights and freedoms of man and citizen,
to observe and protect the Constitution, to protect the sovereignty and
independence, security and integrity of the state and to serve the people
faithfully.”
(2) The oath is taken in a solemn atmosphere in the presence of members of the
Council of the Federation, deputies of the House of Representatives [State
Duma] and judges of the Constitutional Court of the
Article 83 [Powers]
The President of the Russian Federation shall:
a) appoint Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation subject to
consent of the House of Representatives [State Duma];
b) have the right to preside over meetings of the Government of the Russian
Federation;
c) decide on resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation;
d) introduce to the House of Representatives [State Duma] a candidature for
appointment to the office of the Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian
Federation; submit to the House of Representatives [State Duma] the proposal on
relieving the Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation of his
duties;
e) appoint and dismiss deputy chairmen of the Government of the Russian
Federation and federal ministers as proposed by the Chairman of the Government
of the Russian Federation;
f) submit to the Federation Council candidates for appointment to the office of
judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court
of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian
Federation as well as the candidate for Prosecutor-General of the Russian
Federation; submit to the Federation Council theproposal on relieving the
Prosecutor-General of the Russian Federation of his duties; appoint the judges
of other federal courts.
g) form and head the Security Council of the Russian Federation, the status of
which is determined by federal law;
h) endorse the military doctrine of the Russian Federation;
i) form the staff of the President of the Russian Federation;
j) appoint and dismiss plenipotentiary representatives of the President of the
Russian Federation;
k) appoint and dismiss the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces of the Russian
Federation;
l) appoint and recall, after consultations with the respective committees or
commissions of the Federal Assembly, diplomatic representatives of the Russian
Federation to foreign states and international organizations.
Article 84 [Powers in Relation to Parliament]
The President of the Russian Federation shall:
a) call elections to the chambers of the House of Representatives [State Duma]
in accordance with the Constitution and federal law;
b) dissolve the House of Representatives [State Duma] in cases and under
procedures envisaged by the Constitution;
c) call a referendum under procedures established by federal constitutional
law;
d) introduce draft laws in the House of Representatives [State Duma];
e) sign and publish federal laws;
f) present annual messages to the Federal Assembly on the situation in the
country and on basic directions of the internal and external policies of the
state.
Article 85 [Dispute Settlement]
(1) The President of the Russian Federation may use dispute-settlement
procedures to settle differences between organs of state power of the Russian
Federation and organs of state power of the subjects of the Russian Federation,
and also between organs of state power of the subjects of the Russian
Federation. If no decision is agreed upon, he may turn the dispute over for
review by the respective court of law.
(2) The President of the
Article 86 [Diplomacy]
The President of the
a) supervise the conduct of the foreign policy of the
b) conduct negotiations and sign international treaties of the
c) sign instruments of ratification;
d) accept credentials and instruments of recall of diplomatic representatives
accredited with him.
Article 87 [Commander-in-Chief]
(1) The President of the
(2) In the event of aggression against the
Article 88 [State of Emergency]
Under the circumstances and procedures envisaged by theFederal Constitutional
Law, the President of the Russian Federation imposes a state of emergency on
the territory of the Russian Federation or in areas thereof with immediate
notification of the Federation Council and the House of Representatives [State
Duma].
Article 89 [Decorations, Pardon]
The President of the Russian Federation shall:
a) resolve issues of citizenship of the Russian Federation and of granting
political asylum;
b) award state decorations of the Russian Federation, confer honorary titles of
the Russian Federation and top military ranks and top specialized titles;
c) grant pardon.
Article 90 [Decrees, Executive Orders]
(1) The President of the
(2) The decrees and orders of the President of the
(3) The decrees and orders of the President of the
Article 91 [Immunity]
The President of the Russian Federation possesses immunity.
Article 92 [Term Limits]
(1) The President of the Russian Federation assumes his powers from the time he
is sworn in and terminate his exercise of such powers with the expiry of his
tenure of office from the time the newly-elected President of the Russian
Federation is sworn in.
(2) The powers of the President of the Russian Federation is terminated in the
event of his resignation or sustained inability due to health to discharge his
powers or in the event of impeachment. In such cases new elections of the
President of the
(3) In all cases when the President of the
Article 93 [Impeachment]
(1) The President of the Russian Federation may be impeached by the Federation
Council only on the basis of charges put forward against him of high treason or
some other grave crime, confirmed by a ruling of the Supreme Court of the
Russian Federation on the presence of indicia of crime in the President’s
actions and by a ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation
confirming that the procedure of bringing charges has been observed.
(2) The ruling of the House of Representatives [State Duma] on putting forward
charges and the decision of the Federation Council on impeachment of the
President is passed by the votes of two-thirds of the total number in each of
the chambers at the initiative of at least one-third of the deputies of the
House of Representatives [State Duma] and in the presence of the opinion of a
special commission formed by the House of Representatives [State Duma].
(3) The decision of the Federation Council on impeaching the President of the
Article 94 [Supreme Legislative Body]
The Federal Assembly -- Parliament of the
Article 95 [Two Chambers]
(1) The Federal Assembly consists of two chambers -- the Federation Council and
the House of Representatives [State Duma].
(2) Two deputies from each subject of the Federation are members of Federation
Council: one from the representative and one from the executive bodies of state
authority.
(3) The House of Representatives [State Duma] consists of 450 deputies.
Article 96 [House of Representatives: State Duma]
(1) The House of Representatives [State Duma] is elected for a term of four
years.
(2) The procedure for forming the Federation Council and the procedure for
electing deputies to the House of Representatives [State Duma] is established
by federal law.
Article 97 [Eligibility]
(1) Any citizen of the
(2) One and the same person may not concurrently be a deputy to the Federation
Council and to the House of Representatives [State Duma]. A deputy to the House
of Representatives [State Duma] may not be a deputy to any other representative
body of state power or bodies of local self-government.
(3) The deputies to the House of Representatives [State Duma] work on a
permanent professional basis. Deputies to the House of Representatives [State
Duma] may not be employed in the civil service or engage in any activities for
remuneration other than teaching, research or other creative activities.
Article 98 [Immunity]
(1) Deputies to the Federation Council and deputies to the House of
Representatives [State Duma] possess immunity throughout their term in office. A
deputy may not be detained, arrested, searched except when detained in the act
of perpetrating a crime, and may not be subject to personal search except when
such search is authorized by law to ensure the safety of other people.
(2) The question of stripping a deputy of immunity is decided on the
recommendation of the Prosecutor-General of the
Article 99 [Sessions]
(1) The Federal Assembly is a permanent body.
(2) The House of Representatives [State Duma] holds its first session on the
30th day after its election. The President of the
(3) The first session of the House of Representatives [State Duma] is opened by
the oldest deputy.
(4) From the start of the work of the new House of Representatives [State Duma]
the powers of the previous House of Representatives [State Duma] cease.
Article 100 [Separation of Chambers]
(1) The Federation Council and the House of Representatives [State Duma] sit
separately.
(2) The sessions of the Federation Council and the House of Representatives
[State Duma] are open. Each chamber has the right to hold closed sessions as
envisaged by its rules.
(3) The chambers may have joint sessions to hear the addresses of the President
of the
Article 101 [Chairman]
(1) The Federation Council elects from among its members the Chairman of the
Federation Council and his deputies. The House of Representatives [State Duma]
elects from among its members the Chairman of the House of Representatives
[State Duma] and his deputies.
(2) The Chairman of the Federation Council and his deputies, the Chairman of
the House of Representatives [State Duma] and his deputies presides over the
sessions and supervise the internal rules of the chamber.
(3) The Federation Council and the House of Representatives [State Duma] form
committees and commissions, exercise parliamentary supervision over issues
within their jurisdiction and hold parliamentary hearings.
(4) Each chamber adopts its own rules and solve questions of internal
organization and work.
(5) In order to exercise control over the federal budget the Federation Council
and the House of Representatives [State Duma] form an Accounting Chamber, the
membership and rules of order of which is determined by federal law.
Article 102 [Jurisdiction of Federation Council]
(1) The jurisdiction of the Federation Council includes:
a) approval of changes of borders between the subjects of the Russian
Federation;
b) approval of the decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the
introduction of martial law;
c) approval of the decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the
introduction of a state of emergency;
d) making decisions on the possibility of the use of the Armed Forces of the
Russian Federation outside the territory of the Russian Federation;
e) calling of elections of the President of the Russian Federation;
f) impeachment of the President of the Russian Federation;
g) the appointment of judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian
Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, and the Supreme Court
of Arbitration of the Russian Federation;
h) the appointment to office and the removal from office of the
Prosecutor-General of the Russian Federation;
i) the appointment to office and removal from office of the deputy Chairman of
the Accounting Chamber and half of its staff of its auditors.
(2) The Federation Council passes resolutions on the issues within its
jurisdiction under the Constitution.
(3) The decrees of the Federation Council are adopted by a majority of all
deputies to the Federation Council unless otherwise provided for by the
Constitution.
Article 103 [Jurisdiction of the House of
Representatives]
(1) The jurisdiction of the House of Representatives [State Duma] includes:
a) granting consent to the President of the Russian Federation for the
appointment of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation;
b) decisions on confidence in the government of the Russian Federation;
c) the appointment and dismissal of the Chairman of the Central Bank of the
Russian Federation;
d) the appointment and dismissal of the Chairman of the Accounting Chamber and
half of its staff of auditors;
e) the appointment and dismissal of the Plenipotentiary for Human Rights acting
in accordance with the Federal Constitutional Law;
f) granting amnesty;
g) bringing charges against the President of the Russian Federation for his
impeachment.
(2) The House of Representatives [State Duma] adopts resolutions on the issues
of its jurisdiction envisaged by the Constitution.
(3) The resolutions of the House of Representatives [State Duma] are adopted by
a majority of votes of all deputies of the House of Representatives [State
Duma] unless otherwise provided for by the Constitution.
Article 104 [Initiative]
(1) The President of the Russian Federation, the Federation Council, the
members to the Federation Council, the deputies to the House of Representatives
[State Duma], the Government of the Russian Federation and the
legislative (representative) bodies of the subjects of the Russian
Federation have the right of legislative initiative. The Constitutional Court
of the
(2) Draft laws are introduced in the House of Representatives [State Duma].
(3) The draft laws on the introduction or abolishing of taxes, exemptions from
the payment thereof, on the issue of state loans, on changes in the financial
obligations of the state and other draft laws providing for expenditures
covered from the federal budget may be introduced to the House of
Representatives [State Duma] only with a corresponding resolution by the
Government of the Russian Federation.
Article 105 [Majority]
(1) Federal laws are passed by the House of Representatives [State Duma].
(2) Federal laws are passed by a majority of votes of all deputies of the House
of Representatives [State Duma] unless otherwise provided for by the
Constitution.
(3) Laws adopted by the House of Representatives [State Duma] are passed to the
Federation Council for review within five days.
(4) A federal law is considered passed by the Federation Council if more than
half of its deputies vote for it or if within fourteen days it has not been
considered by the Federation Council. In the event the Federation Council
rejects the federal law, the chambers may set up a conciliatory commission to settle
the differences, whereupon the federal law is again considered by the House of
Representatives [State Duma].
(5) In the event the House of Representatives [State Duma] disagrees with the
decision of the Federation Council, the federal law is considered adopted if,
in the second voting, at least two-thirds of the total number of deputies to
the House of Representatives [State Duma] vote for it.
Article 106 [Mandatory Consideration of Federation
Council]
The federal laws adopted by the House of Representatives [State Duma] are
considered by the Federation Council on a mandatory basis if such laws deal
with the issues of:
a) the federal budget;
b) federal taxes and levies;
c) financial, monetary, credit and customs regulations and money emission;
d) ratification and denunciation of international treaties of the Russian
Federation;
e) the status and protection of the state border of the Russian Federation;
f) war and peace.
Article 107 [Signing and Publication]
(1) An adopted federal law is sent to the President of the
(2) The President of the
(3) If the President rejects a federal law within fourteen days since it was
sent to him, the House of Representatives [State Duma] and the Federation
Council again consider the law in accordance with the procedure established by
the Constitution. If, during the second hearings, the federal law is approved
in its earlier draft by a majority of not less than two thirds of the total
number of deputies of the Federation Council and the House of Representatives
[State Duma], it is signed by the President of the
Article 108 [Constitutional Laws]
(1) Federal constitutional laws are passed on issues specified in the
Constitution.
(2) A federal constitutional law is considered adopted, if it has been approved
by a majority of at least three quarters of the total number of deputies of the
Federation Council and at least two thirds of the total number of deputies of
the House of Representatives [State Duma]. The adopted federal constitutional
law is signed by the President of the
Article 109 [Dissolution]
(1) The House of Representatives [State Duma] may be dissolved by the President
of the
(2) In the event of the dissolution of the House of Representatives [State
Duma], the President of the
(3) The House of Representatives [State Duma] may not be dissolved on grounds
provided for by Article 117 of the
Constitution within one year after its election.
(4) The House of Representatives [State Duma] may not be dissolved since the
time it has brought accusations against the President of the Russian Federation
and until a corresponding decision has been taken by the Federation Council.
(5) The House of Representatives [State Duma] may not be dissolved during the
period of the state of emergency or martial law throughout the territory of the
Chapter 6 The
Government of the
Article 110 [Executive Power]
(1) Executive power in the
(2) The Government of the
Article 111 [Chairman]
(1) The Chairman of the Government of the
(2) The proposal on the candidacy of the Chairman of the Government of the
Russian Federation is made no later than two weeks after the inauguration of
the newly-elected President of the Russian Federation or after the resignation
of the Government of the Russian Federation or within one week after the
rejection of the candidate by the House of Representatives [State Duma].
(3) The House of Representatives [State Duma] considers the candidacy of the
Chairman of the Government of the
(4) After the House of Representatives [State Duma] thricerejects candidates
for Chairman of the Government of the
Article 112 [Cabinet]
(1) The Chairman of the Government of the
(2) The Chairman of the Government of the
Article 113 [Guidelines]
The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, in accordance with
the Constitution, federal laws and decrees of the President of the Russian
Federation determines the guidelines of the work of the Government of the
Russian Federation and organizes its work.
Article 114 [Powers]
(1) The Government of the Russian Federation shall:
a) develop and submit the federal budget to the House of Representatives [State
Duma] and ensure compliance therewith; submit a report on the execution of the
federal budget to the House of Representatives [State Duma];
b) ensure the implementation in the Russian Federation of a uniform financial,
credit and monetary policy;
c) ensure the implementation in the Russian Federation of a uniform state
policy in the field of culture, science, education, health, social security and
ecology;
d) manage federal property;
e) adopt measures to ensure the country’s defense, state security and the
implementation of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation;
f) implement measures to ensure legality, the rights and freedoms of citizens,
protect property and public law and order and control crime;
g) exercise any other powers vested in it by the Constitution, federal laws and
the decrees of the President of the Russian Federation.
(2) The work of the Government of the
Article 115 [Decrees, Executive Orders]
(1) On the basis of and pursuant to the Constitution, federal laws and
normative decrees of the President of the Russian Federation the Government of
the Russian Federation issue decrees and orders and ensure their implementation
thereof.
(2) The decrees and orders of the Government of the
(3) The decrees and executive orders of the Government of the
Article 116 [Term Limits]
The Government of the
Article 117 [Resignation]
(1) The Government of the
(2) The President of the
(3) The House of Representatives [State Duma] may express non-confidence in the
Government of the
(4) The Chairman of the Government of the
(5) If the Government of the
Article 118 [Administration of Justice]
(1) Justice in the
(2) Judiciary power is exercised to constitutional, civil, administrative and
criminal process.
(3) The judiciary system of the
Article 119 [Eligibility]
Citizens of the Russian Federation aged 25 and older, holding a law degree and
having worked in the law profession for at least five years may become judges
The federal law may establish additional requirements for judges in the courts
of the Russian Federation.
Article 120 [Endependence of Judges]
(1) Judges are independent
and obey only the Constitution and the federal law.
(2) A court of law, having established the illegality of an act of government
or any other body, passes a ruling in accordance with law.
Article 121 [Termination of Office]
(1) Judges may not be replaced.
(2) A judge may not have his powers terminated or suspended except under
procedures and on grounds established by federal law.
Article 122 [Immunity]
(1) Judges possess immunity.
(2) Criminal proceedings may not be brought against a judge except as provided
f or by federal law.
Article 123 [Publicity]
(1) All trials in all law courts are open. The hearing of a case can be in
camera in cases provided by the federal law.
(2) Hearing of criminal cases in law courts in absentia are not allowed except
the cases provided for by the federal law.
(3) The trial is conducted on an adversarial and equal basis.
(4) In cases stipulated by federal law trials is held by jury.
Article 124 [Financing]
Law courts are financed only out of the federal budget andfinancing ensure full
and independent administration of justice in accordance with federal law.
Article 125 [
(1) The Constitutional Court
of the
(2) The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on request by the
President of the Russian Federation, the House of Representatives [State Duma],
one-fifth of the members of the Federation Council or deputies of the House of
Representatives [State Duma], the Government of the Russian Federation, the
Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and Supreme Arbitration Court of the
Russian Federation, bodies of legislative and executive power of subjects of
the Russian Federation resolve cases about compliance with the Constitution of:
a) federal laws, normative acts of the President of the Russian Federation, the
Federation Council, House of Representatives [State Duma] and the Government of
the Russian Federation;
b) republican constitutions, charters, as well as laws and other normative acts
of subjects of the Russian Federation published on issues pertaining to the
jurisdiction of bodies of state power of the Russian Federation and joint
jurisdiction of bodies of state power of the Russian Federation and bodies of
state power of subjects of the Russian Federation;
c) agreements between bodies of state power of the Russian Federation and
bodies of state power of subjects of the Russian Federation, agreements between
bodies of state power of subjects of the Russian Federation;
d) international agreements of the Russian Federation that have not entered
into force.
(3) The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation resolves disputes over
jurisdiction:
a) between the federal state bodies;
b) between state bodies of the Russian Federation and state bodies of the
subjects of the Russian Federation;
c) between supreme state bodies of subjects of the Russian Federation.
(4) The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, proceeding from
complaints about violation of constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens
and requests from courts reviews the constitutionality of the law applied or
due to be applied in a specific case in accordance with procedures established
by federal law.
(5) The Constitutional Court of the
(6) Acts and their provisions deemed unconstitutional loose force thereof;
international agreements of the
(7) The Constitutional Court of the
Article 126 [Supreme Court]
The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation is the highest judiciary body on
civil, criminal, administrative and other matters triable by general
jurisdiction courts, and effects judiciary supervision over their activity in
line with federal procedural forms and offers explanations on judicial practice
issues.
Article 127 [Supreme Arbitration Court]
The Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation is the highest
judiciary body resolving economic disputes and other cases considered by
arbitration courts, and carries out judicialsupervision over their activity in
line with federal legal procedures and offers explanations on questions of
judiciary practice.
Article 128 [Appointment]
(1) Judges of the Constitutional Court of the
(2) Judges of other federal courts are appointed by the President of the
(3) The powers, and procedure of the formation and activities of the
Constitutional Court of the
Article 129 [Prosecutor]
(1) The Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation is a single centralized
system in which lower prosecutors are subordinated to higher prosecutors and
the Prosecutor-General of the Russian Federation.
(2) The Prosecutor-General of the
(3) Prosecutors of subjects of the
(4) Other prosecutors are appointed by the Prosecutor-General of the
(5) The powers, organization and working procedure for the Prosecutor’s Office
of the
Chapter 8 Local
Self-Government
Article 130 [Local Self-Government]
(1) Local self-government in the
(2) Local self-government is exercised by the citizens through referendums,
elections and forms of expression of their will, through elected and other
bodies of local self-government.
Article 131 [Localities]
(1) Local self-government is exercised in the cities, rural areas and other
localities taking into account historical and other local traditions. The
structure of bodies of local self-government is determined by the population
independently.
(2) The borders of territorial entities under local self-government are changed
only with the consent of their population.
Article 132 [Powers]
(1) The bodies of local self-government independently manage municipal
property, form, approve and execute the local budget, establish local taxes and
levies, ensure law and order and solve any other local issues.
(2) The bodies of local self-government may be invested under law with certain
state powers with the transfer of material and financial resources required to
exercise such powers. The exercise of the powers transferred is supervised by
the state.
Article 133 [Compensation]
Local self-government in the
Chapter 9
Constitutional Amendments and Revisions
Article 134 [Amendments]
Proposals on amendments and revision of constitutional provisions may be made
by the President of the Russian Federation, the Federation Council, the House
of Representatives [State Duma], the Government of the Russian Federation,
legislative (representative) bodies of the subjects of the Russian
Federation as well as groups of deputies numbering not less than one-fifth of
the total number of deputies of the Federation Council or the House of
Representatives [State Duma].
Article 135 [Restrictions]
(1) The provisions of Chapters 1, 2 and 9 of the
Constitution may not be revised by the Federal Assembly.
(2) In the event a proposal to revise any provisions in Chapters 1, 002_2 and 9 of the
Constitution is supported by three-fifths of the total number of deputies of
the Federation Council and the House of Representatives [State Duma], a
Constitutional Assembly is convened in accordance with the federal
constitutional law.
(3) The Constitutional Assembly may either confirm the inviolability of the
Constitution or develop a new draft of the Constitution which is adopted by
two-thirds of the total number of deputies to the Constitutional Assembly or
submitted to popular voting. The Constitution is considered adopted during such
poll if more than half of its participants have voted for it, provided more
than half of the electorate have taken part in the poll.
Article 136 [Majority]
Amendments to Chapters 3 to 8 of the
Constitution are adopted in accordance with the procedures envisaged for the
adoption of a federal constitutional law and come into force following the
approval thereof by no less than two-thirds of the subjects of the
Article 137 [Republics, Regions, Territories]
(1) Changes to Article 65 of the
Constitution which determines the composition of the Russian Federation, are
made on the basis of the federal constitutional law on admission to the Russian
Federation and the formation within the Russian Federation of a new subject and
on a change of the constitutional-legal status of the subject of the Russian
Federation.
(2) In the event of a change in the name of the republic, territory, region,
federal cities, autonomous region and autonomous area, the new name of the
subject of the
[Part II] Second
Part: Concluding and Transitional Provisions
(1) The Constitution comes into force from the day of
its official publication on the basis of the results of a nationwide vote.
(2) The election day, December 12, 1993 is considered the day of adoption of
the Constitution.
(3) Simultaneously, the Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the
(4) In the event of a situation of nonconformity between the Constitution and
the Federal Treaty - the Agreement on the Delineation of Jurisdiction and
Powers between the Federal Bodies of State Power of the Russian Federation and
the Bodiesof State Power of the Sovereign Republics making up the Russian
Federation, the Agreement on the Delineation of Jurisdiction and Powers between
the Federal Bodies of State Power of the Russian Federation and Bodies of State
Power of the territories, regions, the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg of
the Russian Federation, the Agreement on the Delineation of Jurisdiction and
Powers between the Federal Bodies of State Power of the Russian Federation and
Bodies of State power of the autonomous region, autonomous areas making up the
Russian Federation, and similarly other agreements between the Federal Bodies
of State Power of the Russian Federation and Bodies of State Power of the
subjects of the Russian Federation, agreements between Bodies of State Power of
the subjects of the Russian Federation, the provisions of the Constitution
apply.
Laws and other legal acts in effect on the territory
of the
The President of the
The Council of Ministers - the Government of the
(1) Courts in the
(2) After the Constitution takes effect the judges of all courts of the
(1) Until the adoption of a federal law setting forth
the procedures for trial by jury, the prior procedure for conducting trials is
retained.
(2) Until the enforcement of criminal-procedural legislation of the
The Federal Council and the House of Representatives
[State Duma] of the first convocation is elected for a two-year term.
The Federation Council holds its first session on the
30th day after election. The first session of the Federation Council is opened
by the President of the
(1) A deputy of the House of Representatives [State
Duma] of the first convocation may simultaneously be a member of the Government
of the
(2) Deputies of the Federation Council of the first convocation exercise their powers on a temporary basis.
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